Customer Care
Robert Foster explores how mobile phones in Papua New Guinea offer new ways for both companies and consumers to give and receive care.
Hacktoids (or, The Limn Index)
Limn tapped its extensive network of underground operatives to bring you this extraordinary list of facts about hacks, leaks, and breaches.
Christopher M. Kelty
E. Gabriella Coleman
The Zone of Entrainment
We know that environmental concerns have been used to block infrastructure projects. But can infrastructure be used to side-step environmental concerns? Andrew Lakoff on water provision and species protection in California.
Refuse and Resist!
Joan Donovan dives into the dumpster of the Internet, and comes up holding some tasty ideas about what "doxing" means today and yesterday.
A Slightly Better Shelter?
Tom Scott-Smith gets inside an award-winning shelter designed for refugees and asks: what makes it any better than a tent?
Drought as Infrastructural Event
Ashley Carse explores water distribution and its publics on the Isthmus of Panama
Car Wars
A self-driving car is a computer you put your body in. Fiction by Cory Doctorow.
Demanding Mobile Health
What are the infrastructural requirements of mobile health? Vincent Duclos reports on the MOS@N experiment in Burkina Faso.
Public Safety and Wall Street
Compstat and the Real Time Crime Center are at the epicenter of Bloomberg’s New York. Emmanuel Didier explores how they are turning public safety into a commodity for Wall Street.
Keeping the Books
Finn Brunton goes inside the Bitcoin blockchain to explore the weirdly meticulous collective archive, and how it might someday govern us.
Preface: Public Infrastructures / Infrastructural Publics
Stephen J. Collier, James Christopher Mizes, and Antina von Schnitzler ask how infrastructures and their publics are taking shape today.
Stephen J. Collier
James Christopher Mizes
Antina von Schnitzler
Remittance Channels & Regulatory Chokepoints
Since 2008, new financial regulations have reformatted the channels of global remittances. Ivan Small examines how the Vietnamese diaspora is navigating this landscape of regulatory chokepoints.
A Hoard of Hebrew MSS
Ben Outhwaite tells the stories of the people who immerse themselves in one of the most valuable total archives in existence—the Cairo Genizah.
Systemic risk in consumer finance
At the end of the great credit bubble there was still a tremendous amount of borrowing potential in the hands of consumers. Of the $5 trillion in US credit card lines outstanding only $800 billion was reportedly in use. So in the spring of 2009, with unemployment and bankruptcy on the rise, the card companies ...
Refrigerator Units, Normal Goods
Emily Yates-Doerr tells two stories that reveal the challenge of grasping global inequality.
Solar Basics
Jamie Cross explores how a solar-powered lamp became the go-to solution to Puerto Rico’s energy crisis.
Ebola, Running Ahead
What does experimentation look like in the time of emergency? Ann H. Kelly explores the design of clinical trials amidst the ebola crisis.
Introduction: Ebola’s Ecologies
Andrew Lakoff, Stephen J. Collier and Christopher Kelty ask what the 2014 Ebola outbreak tells us about the history of pandemic preparedness and the blindspots of global health security today.
Andrew Lakoff
Stephen J. Collier
Christopher M. Kelty
Governing Development Failure
How did little development devices make their way into big development institutions? Jacqueline Best explores the history of policy failure at the World Bank.
The Birds of Poyang Lake: Sentinels at the interface of wild and domestic
Lyle Fearnley looks at what happens when farmers draw a line between wild and domestic that scientists miss.
The Public Interest Hack
How are hacking and leaking related? Gabriella Coleman introduces us to the “public interest hack” and explains how it emerged.
Preface: Little Development Devices / Humanitarian Goods
A brief introduction to the idea behind Issue Number Nine, and the concepts associated with it.
Stephen J. Collier
Jamie Cross
Peter Redfield
Alice Street
On Reusable Pasts and Worn-out Futures
Sara Tocchetti explores the reusable pasts of hacking and the worn-out productions of biohackers.
Power Down
OMG! Hackers take down energy grid! David Murakami Wood and Michael Carter calmly explain the how and why (or why not) of infrastructure hacking today.
David Murakami Wood
Michael Carter
Preface: The Total Archive
Archives make the future. Editors Boris Jardine and Christopher Kelty explore how archives govern us.
Christopher M. Kelty
Boris Jardine
Right To Repair
An interview with R2R advocate Kyle Wiens
Townsend Middleton
Gökçe Günel
Ashley Carse
The Bombing Encyclopedia of the World
How do you plan for the sudden onset of total war? Stephen J. Collier and Andrew Lakoff describe the construction of a vast collection of data about the vital, vulnerable systems of every nation in the world in the aftermath of World War II.
Stephen J. Collier
Andrew Lakoff
The Funnel Effect
In the docks of Sicily, surveillance and humanitarianism mingle with traces of lives and deaths beyond the point of entry. Cristiana Giordano explores what happens when migrants rescued at sea arrive at Europe’s shores.
Microworking the Crowd
How do you turn millions of people into a CPU? Lilly Irani unravels the mysteries of human-as-computation in Amazon Mechanical Turk.
From Sensors to Sentinel: Pressure and depression in crime statistics
While policemen watch out for public security, psychologists watch out for the mental health of policemen. Emmanuel Didier looks at these two different uses of statistical data.
Preface: Hacks, Leaks, and Breaches
Gabriella Coleman and Christopher Kelty guide readers through Limn Number 8 on Hacks, Leaks, and Breaches.
Christopher M. Kelty
E. Gabriella Coleman
Mechanisms of Invisibility: Forgotten Sentinels of Diethylsbestrol Progeny
Diethylstilbestrol was one of the first identified endocrine disruptors. However, efforts to warn french physicians about the drug’s potentially dangerous effects on pregnant women failed. Emmanuelle Fillion and Didier Torny show how sentinels sometimes don’t work.
Didier Torny
Emmanuelle Fillion
The Genomic Open
Leaders of the Human Genome Project promised a genomic total archive. Jenny Reardon argues that their quest inspired visions of freedom and imprisonment vital to understanding today’s ambivalences around open genomic data.
Spongy Aquifers, Messy Publics
Is an aquifer a tank or a sponge? Andrea Ballestero investigates how publics navigate the scientific indeterminacy of the underground in Costa Rica
The Spy Who Pwned Me
How did we get to state-sponsored hacking? Matt Jones traces the legal authorities and technical capacities that have transformed the power of the nation-state since the 1990s.
The End of Innovation (As We Knew It)
Lucy Suchman, Lancaster University ‘The future arrives sooner here.’ I’m driving my car down Hillview Avenue in Palo Alto, California one evening around 1995 and I hear this assertion on U.S. National Public Radio, spoken by a Silicon Valley technologist who’s being interviewed. It elicits a familiar response – a certain tightening in my stomach, ...
The Tighty-Whities Test
Why are farmers burying underwear in their fields?
Infrastructural Incursions
What does it take to flood a highway? Penny Harvey and Hannah Knox examine how old infrastructure projects—and old infrastructural publics—get submerged by new ones in Peru.
The Illicit Aura of Information
Does the unfiltered, illicit status of a leak change the nature of information? Molly Sauter offers a consideration of the half-life of stolen data.
A Dearth of Numbers: The Actuary and the Sentinel in Global Public Health
How do experts respond to a threat whose probability cannot be calculated but whose consequences could be catastrophic? Andrew Lakoff explores the political dynamics of sentinel devices in the case of the 2009 swine flu pandemic.
The Secret Lives of Corporate Food
Big companies are not just tracing their products’ life stories, but telling them too. Susanne Freidberg explores why.
When the Control Becomes the Experiment
The experimental rodent in the polycarbonate cage is the new canary in the coalmine. Hannah Landecker explores how environmental signals have slowly started to get clearer and louder.
Exhibit: The Entropy Archives
What does a perfectly random archive look like? Finn Brunton explains.
Infrastructures of Credibility
What makes a claim believable? Bart Penders and Steven Flipse explore two cases of credibility engineering.
Bart Penders
Steven Flipse
All Lost In The Supermarket
Anthropologist and retail consultant Michael Powell takes us on a stroll down Aisle #6. What's in the center of the grocery store and why is it causing a crisis in the industry?
Elements of Food Infrastructure
As food has industrialized, it has changed, along with our bodies and our economies. Matthew Hockenberry charts conceptual connections in this issue with a timeline.
Logistics’ Liabilities
Deborah Cowen tracks how the movement of goods shapes the meaning of risk.
The Weakness of Crowds
Why can’t crowds defend themselves? Alek Felstiner explores how the power of crowds to decide is also a weakness when it comes to organizing.
Algorithmic Recommendations and Synaptic Functions
Personalized recommendation is the new marketing. Nick Seaver explains how ‘collaborative filtering’ de- fines people through their purchases.
Figures of Warning
What are sentinels? Frédéric Keck and Andrew Lakoff explore various figures of prophecy, herald and prognostication through the ages.
Frédéric Keck
Andrew Lakoff
Preface: Sentinel Devices
The editors of Limn Number 3 explain what a sentinel is and how it matters today.
Frédéric Keck
Andrew Lakoff
The Fish at the Heart of the Food System
David Schleifer and Alison Fairbrother introduce menhaden, the fish you've never heard of but are probably eating right now.
David Schleifer
Alison Fairbrother
The Morris Worm
The Morris worm was released in November of 1988. It was launched surreptitiously from an MIT computer by graduate student Robert Tappan Morris at Cornell University, and spread to internet-connected computers running the BSD variant of UNIX. The worm was designed to be undetectable, but a design flaw led it to create far more copies ...
Systems at Risk as Risk to the System
Systemic risk in finance refers to at least three things, according to George G. Kaufman and Kenneth E. Scott: It connotes a macro shock that produces nearly simultaneous, large, adverse effects in most or all of the domestic economy or even international financial system. It can also refer to the risk of a chain reaction ...
The ‘Becoming’ Insurable of Terrorism Risk in the US: Imagining Systemic Risk
Philip Bougen explores terrorism risks and making the unthinkable insurable.
Introduction: Systemic Risk
Stephen J. Collier and Andrew Lakoff introduce the concept of "systemic risk" and the focus of Limn Number 1.
Stephen J. Collier
Andrew Lakoff
Prototyping relationships: on techno-political hospitality
Alberto Corsín Jiménez & Adolfo Estalella, CSIC, Spanish National Research Council When drafting the original call for papers that led to the ‘Prototyping cultures’ conference, we noted that the figure of the ‘prototype’ had recently emerged as a currency of explanation and description in a number of para-laboratory contexts: from classical industrial and engineering sites ...
Crowds and Collectivities in Networked Electoral Politics
What happens when a crowd decides to think for it- self? Daniel Kreiss explores the answer in the 2008 Obama campaign.
The Noise of the World: The Apocalypse and the Crazy Farm Scenario
The Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland has to be constantly monitored to detect possible effects of radiation. Sophie Houdart describes a machine designed to capture every potential sign of threat.
Two States of Emergency: Ebola 2014
Andrew Lakoff revisits the received wisdom that the WHO was slow to respond. Slow to respond to what exactly?
In the Name of Humanity
The total archive is already here, Balázs Bodó finds it hidden in the shadows and run by pirates.
Just What Are We Archiving?
What kind of people will we become if we keep trying to archive everything? Geof Bowker reports from inside the Skinner Box.
Nuclear States, Renewable Democracies?
Andreas Folkers recalls how nuclear energy created a powerful counter-public in Germany beginning in the 1970s, and assesses the contemporary politics of energy alternatives.
Interview: Kim Zetter
Cybersecurity journalist Kim Zetter talks with Limn about infrastructure hacking, the DNC hacks, the work of reporting on hackers and much more.
Christopher M. Kelty
Kim Zetter
The Humble Cookstove
Meena Khandelwal and Kayley Lain reflect on half a century of failed efforts to change how people cook in rural India, before adding a little device of their own to the fire.
Meena Khandelwal
Kayley Lain
Deep Diagnostics
Alice Street examines the market infrastructure behind off-grid diagnostics.
Cool Trading
Financial algorithms have smoothed the vagaries of overheated markets. Christian Borch shows how algorithmic trading produces its own set of new chokepoints.
Disservice Lines
In any delivery system, the final leg is often the hardest. Michael Degani takes to the streets of Dar es Salaam to explore the “last-mile problem” of Tanzania’s energy grid.
Blockade: The Power of Interruption
Carwil Bjork-James explores the politics of blockades in Bolivia, a country where terrain, a scarcity of connecting roads, and a tradition of mass protest make it a land of chokepoints.
Planning for Obsolescence
The emergence of China’s circular economy
The Para-site in Ethnographic Research Projects
A Project of the Center for Ethnography, University of California, Irvine While the design and conduct of ethnographic research in anthropology is still largely individualistic, especially in the way that research is presented in the academy, many projects depend on complex relationships of partnership and collaboration, at several sites, and not just those narrowly conceived ...
Expertise in the Grid
Do you know how to read your electricity bill? Canay Özden-Schilling examines how new electricity experts—and new publics—are creating and contesting the price of U.S. household energy today.
The Oil Palm Kernel and the Tinned Can
Do you see the peculiar industrial legacy of West Africa's oil palm tree in a humble tin can? Makalé Faber-Cullen does.
An “Expensive Toy”
What does Abu Dhabi's green future look like? Gökçe Günel explores Masdar City in a once-promising Personal Rapid Transit Pod.
The Thick and Thin of the Zone
Soe Lin Aung examines the Thilawa special economic zone to shed light on infrastructure’s changing publics in contemporary Myanmar.
An Ebola Photo Essay
Frédéric Le Marcis and Vinh-Kim Nguyen document ebola's ecologies in photos.
Frédéric Le Marcis
Vinh-Kim Nguyen
On Band-Aids and Magic Bullets
Peter Redfield probes the merits of small solutions to big problems.
The Art of In/Detectability
Traffic impedes. But does it also enable? Townsend Middleton traces the cat-and-mouse interplays of trafficking and regulation in one of South Asia’s most notorious chokepoints: India’s Chicken Neck.
I am Not a Hacker
The term "hacker" is notoriously slippery. Paula Bialski dives into the practices and micropolitics of self-proclaimed non-hackers.
Hacker Madness
Defense lawyer Tor Ekeland gives us an up-close, first-person view of a widespread pathology: how misplaced fear and hysteria is driving an over-reaction to the positive work that hackers can do.
The Touch-point Collective: Crowd Contouring on the Casino Floor
Women under thirty and retired men might have surprisingly similar tastes for gambling. Natasha Dow Schüll explains how casinos have created a new kind of crowd.
Medical Vulnerability, or Where There Is No Kit
Where there is no kit and no infrastructure, there is vulnerability. Peter Redfield explores the role of medical humanitarian response in the Ebola crisis.
Duplicate, Leak, Deity
Lawrence Cohen de-duplicates the complex story of India’s Biometric Archive(s).
Resilience and Homeland Security: Patriotism, Anxiety, and Complex System Dynamics
In the realm of U.S. homeland security, the word of the day seems to be “resilience.” Benjamin Sims explains.
Serum as Sentinel: How Cold Blood Became a Resource for Population Health
Does frozen blood send an ‘as yet unknown’ signal? Joanna Radin describes how serological epidemiology has made the recent past into a sentinel of the near future.
“Oceans of Plastic:” Heterogeneous narrations of an ongoing disaster
How did plastic garbage patches floating in the ocean become an object of public concern? Baptiste Monsaingeon relates the media campaigns that turned the gradual accumulation of oceanic waste from an abstract and imperceptible concern to a dire emergency requiring
immediate attention.
Fingerprint, Bellwether, Model Event: Anticipating Climate Change Futures
Climate change is now happening faster than our models and stories can comprehend. Jerome Whitington explores three figures of warning that help make sense of it.
Preface: Chokepoints
The editors of Limn 10 challenge you to think about "chokepoints" as simultaneously geographical and deeply social phenomena.
Ashley Carse
Jason Cons
Townsend Middleton
System Vulnerability and the Problem of National Survival
Stephen J. Collier and Andrew Lakoff explode strategic bombing theory and the emergence of system-vulnerability thinking.
Stephen J. Collier
Andrew Lakoff
The Pre-History of Resilience in Ecological Research
Brian Lindseth explains how "resilience" migrated from ecology of the 1970s to the systemic risks of the present.
The prototype: a sociology in abeyance
Alberto Corsín Jiménez & Adolfo Estalella Could we speak of a saint as a prototype for a religious movement or of a clue as a prototype for a crime? Writing in the early 20th century, philosopher Max Scheler thought that heroes, saints and geniuses played a prototypical role for larger models of social organisation.[1] Scheler ...
Crowd funding and its Challenges
Micro-lending plus crowd-sourcing creates its own problems. Roma Jhaveri explains how to keep crowds happy.
Engineering Collectives: Technology From the Coop
Engineers make the world, but not just as they please. Chris Csikszentmihályi recounts how engineers come to be part of one collective or another.
Mapping the Social World: From Aggregates to Individuals
Can data be liberal or conservative? Alain Desrosières excavates the curious story of ‘correspondence analysis’ and its rise to fame.
Hong Kong as a Sentinel Post
When birds die of H5N1 in China’s border region, the whole territory of Hong Kong is transformed into a sentinel post for pandemic flu. Frédéric Keck shows how the city’s new role affects relations between humans and birds in this territory.
Snaring Vectors
Volunteers sit all night in a Human Landing Catch in Dar es Salaam, providing blood meals to needy local mosquitoes. Ann H. Kelly explores the role of volunteers' bodies in measuring the size and nature of insect-borne public health threats.
The Origins of Extinction
What do barn swallows reveal about the future? In the biogeographical space of "the Zone" around Chernobyl, Adriana Petryna shows us how they force us to think about the origins of extinction.
Scale, Evolution and Emergence in Food Systems
Christopher Otter diagnoses the impossibility of fully governing large-scale food systems and the novel ecologies they create.
Scaling Up/Scaling Down
Sophie Dubuisson-Quellier shows how French markets and social movements interact in food provisioning
Sophie Dubuisson-Quellier
The Silence of the Labs
Is sugar a choice? Kim Hendrickx explores how a Sugar Museum in Belgium puts life and health into perspective.
Outbreak of Unknown Origin in the Tripoint Zone
Guillaume Lachenal traces the urgent past of the current ebola outbreak, offering some surprising lessons about borders.
Archiving Descriptive Language Data
Judith Kaplan explores the possibility of a new GOLD standard for archiving the world's endangered language data.
Aeolian Infrastructures, Aeolian Publics
Cymene Howe and Dominic Boyer examine the politics of wind and power – in all their turbulence – in Oaxaca, Mexico
Rebuilding by Design in Post-Sandy New York
What is the scope for local planning in large-scale infrastructure projects today? Stephen J. Collier, Savannah Cox, and Kevin Grove explore the multiple publics of flood control in New York City
Stephen J. Collier
Savannah Cox
Kevin Grove
Half-Lives of Hackers and the Shelf Life of Hacks
What is the speed of hacking? Luca Follis and Adam Fish explore the temporality of hacking and leaking in the cases of Snowden, the DNC leaks and the Lauri Love case.
Survival of the Cryptic
Should we have privacy for the weak and transparency for the powerful? Sarah Myers West reminds us that we've been agonizing over this question since at least the 1990s, when the cypherpunks first started discussing it.
The Political Meaning of Hacktivism
Philosopher-kings or Fawkes masks? Ashley Gorham explores the truth-telling zeal of WikiLeaks and the lulzy opinions of Anonymous.
The Logic of Leaks, reconsidered
Are leaks fast and slow? Does their “illicit aura” matter? Naomi Colvin dives into the debate about leaking and the politics of journalism today.
Who’s hacking whom?
What can you do with a Tor exploit? Renée Ridgway discusses an ethical dilemma for security researchers, a surreptitious game of federal investigators, and the state of online anonymity today.
Glucometer Foils
Amy Moran-Thomas examines why diabetes patients worldwide still struggle to measure glucose.
Iterate, Experiment, Prototype
Anke Schwittay and Paul Braund explore the curious intersection between international aid and design.
Anke Schwittay
Paul Braund
The Participatory Development Toolkit
Christopher Kelty opens up a toolkit from the 1990s to explore the prehistory of apps, platforms, and algorithms.
Rational Sin
David Reubi explores how Chicago Economics remade Global Public Health.
EXCREMENTA III: The Leader in Upscale Sanitary Solutions?
Brenda Chalfin reflects on the use of design as a little development device.
The Invisible ‘Jungle’ of Calais
In 2016, French authorities bulldozed the migrant camp known as ‘the Jungle’ at the mouth of the Chunnel. In 2017, migrants returned. Photographer Eric Leleu and anthropologist Vincent Joos combine images and words to humanize this chokepoint and counter its infrastructures of invisibility.
Chokepoint Sovereignty
Jatin Dua reveals why Djibouti’s history, geography, and precarious present make it a site where national sovereignty and chokepoint dynamics are intimately tied.
A Mix for the Ages
As media forms come and go, why do cassette tapes live on?
Is Limn Obsolete?
The founding editors reflect on the journal’s
origins
Christopher M. Kelty
Andrew Lakoff
Stephen J. Collier
Iconoclasm in the Supermarket
What happens when activists re-label your food? Javier Lezaun explores the "Label It Yourself" movement and its ambivalent power.
Labels for Life
The labels on our food exist in a complex political struggle over consumers’ attention. Xaq Frohlich walks us through the information infrastructure of the label and its impact on our “choices.”
Viscosity: A Minor Theory of Oil Capital Flow
Gabriela Valdivia traces the sticky interplays of infrastructure, toxic waste, and labor that shape life and value at Ecuador’s Esmeraldas oil refinery.
Public Laboratories: Designing and Developing tools for Do-It-Yourself Detection of Hazards
Signals of environmental hazard cannot be heard unless there is a device to detect them. Sara Wylie, Megan McLaughlin and Josh McIlvain show you how to make one yourself.
Megan McLaughlin
Josh McIlvain
Sara Wylie
Microfinance as a Credit Card?
Jonathan Morduch traces the rise of microfinance, and argues that it's time for a new vision.
How pipelines constrict oil flows
Christopher Jones explores how oilmen have used conduits as weapons to crush competitors, maintain industry dominance, and rake in huge profits.
The Origins of Happiness
Boris Jardine tells the story of a little ladder intended to tell us what everyone wants. Where on the ladder are you?
Alan Lomax and the Temple of Movement
Alan Lomax wanted to catalogue all human movement. Whitney Laemmli explores the high modern utopianism of the Choreometrics project.
How Shit Happens, or, How Audit Systems and Sewer States Lead to Tainted Beef
Elizabeth Cullen Dunn takes a hard look at how risk management systems create the risks they are supposed to eliminate.
Uncertain about risk
It was hard not be impressed with how this simple chart summarized the course of an astoundingly complex historical event
Recording and Monitoring: Between Two Forms of Surveillance
Vanessa Manceron argues that when naturalists take part in monitoring programs on their “local patch,” they are caught between two forms surveillance: care and control.
Unbearable Future
One of the more spectacular signs of the onset of climate change is the decline of the polar bear population. But is it really in decline? Etienne Benson traces the long and controversial history of modeling the future population of polar bears.
How Do You Spot A Healthy Honey Bee?
Amidst the debate over various culprits for honeybee colony collapse (pesticides, pathogens, parasites, habitat loss, etc.), Chloe Silverman asks a different question: what exactly is a healthy living system in an age of increasing vulnerability?
Measuring Food
Food system activist Anna Lappé takes stock of the pieces in this issue.
Blood, Paper, and Total Human Genetic Diversity
Jenny Bangham explains how the attempt to create a supply of all possible types of human blood gave rise to genetic diversity research in the 20th century.
Interview: Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai
Journalist Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai talks with Limn about the details of the DNC hacks, making sense of leaks, and being a journalist working on hackers today.
E. Gabriella Coleman
Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai
Shipping corridors through the Inuit homeland
Claudio Aporta, Stephanie C. Kane, and Aldo Chircop explore the conceptual and lived tensions around ice in Arctic straits. They show how one group’s obstacle can be another group’s means of connection.
Claudio Aporta
Stephanie C. Kane
Aldo Chircop
Can You Secure an Iron Cage?
Are bureaucracies defensible? Nils Gilman, Jesse Goldhammer, and Steven Weber explore the Office of Personnel Management hack, and what it tells us about the inherent vulnerabilities of bureaucratic organizations in a digital age.
Nils Gilman
Jesse Goldhammer
Steven Weber
Sentinel Organisms: “they look out for the environment!”
Under what conditions can animals and plants be considered as good sentinels for an environment? Christelle Gramaglia looks at the uses of shells to detect water pollution.